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- <text id=94TT0959>
- <title>
- Jul. 25, 1994: Space:Why We Went to the Moon
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jul. 25, 1994 The Strange New World of the Internet
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPACE, Page 58
- Why We Went to the Moon
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> On the 25th anniversary of Apollo 11, TIME's correspondent at
- the Kennedy White House tells how the quest began
- </p>
- <p>By Hugh Sidey
- </p>
- <p> There was history and poetry and raw power waiting out in the
- stars--to be assembled and shaped and used for the glory of
- the U.S. It was everything John Kennedy loved. It was why he
- was in the Oval Office.
- </p>
- <p> And on the soft, clear evening of April 14, 1961--two days
- after Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin went into his triumphal
- orbit and three days before the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion--Kennedy tilted back on the hind legs of a leather chair in
- the Cabinet Room and, I believe, decided to send Americans to
- the moon. I watched it happen in one of those unusual episodes
- when Kennedy opened a window on the inner White House for an
- outsider. Maybe he understood that, as astronomer Michael Hart
- wrote, the moon landing would "be forever remembered as one
- of the greatest achievements of the human race." I think Kennedy,
- steeped in history, saw himself beside Thomas Jefferson sending
- Lewis and Clark to explore the West, and with Theodore Roosevelt
- building the Panama Canal.
- </p>
- <p> The timing and rationale of the decision are disputed by historians
- and other experts. Many feel Kennedy's commitment was a desperate
- political maneuver to lift himself out of the calamity of the
- Bay of Pigs and rally a nation nervous from escalating tension
- with the Soviet Union in Berlin.
- </p>
- <p> But I saw something more that night, when Kennedy's novice government
- still thought it would win at the Bay of Pigs, still had not
- encountered Nikita Khrushchev's table pounding at the Vienna
- summit in June. I saw a very young American awed by the romance
- of the high frontier. I saw him brush aside the doubts and point
- this nation toward great adventure.
- </p>
- <p> "What can we do now?" he asked his assembled experts, noting
- that the Soviet edge in big rockets enabled Gagarin to circle
- the earth. "Is there any place where we can catch them? Can
- we leapfrog?"
- </p>
- <p> The answers were less than reassuring. NASA Director James Webb
- was not certain we could beat the Soviets to the moon. Chief
- NASA scientist Hugh Dryden thought it might take a program like
- the atom bomb's Manhattan Project and cost $40 billion. (The
- entire federal budget was then $98 billion.) Budget Director
- David Elliott Bell asked where the money would come from. Staff
- aide Ted Sorensen brought up the financial needs of earthly
- social programs. Science adviser Jerome Wiesner, sucking on
- a cold pipe, wasn't sure a manned lunar landing made good scientific
- sense.
- </p>
- <p> Kennedy knew nations do not rally behind cost accountants. "If
- somebody can just tell me how to catch up," he scolded. "Let's
- find somebody--anybody. I don't care if it's the janitor over
- there, if he knows how." Feet on the table, Kennedy pulled a
- piece of rubber off his shoe sole, which was built up to ease
- his back ailment. He ran his hands through his hair, tapped
- his teeth with his fingernails. He was only 43 and holding the
- world in his hands, and it was slippery. But he relished the
- challenge.
- </p>
- <p> The sun faded outside, and the lights over the South Lawn came
- on as the discussion wound down. "There's nothing more important,"
- Kennedy said quietly as he got up to leave. But what of the
- final commitment to go for the moon? I asked as he left the
- room. "Wait here," he said, beckoning Sorensen to follow him
- into the Oval Office. A few minutes later, Sorensen came out.
- "We are going to the moon," he said. So simple. But the decision
- committed the greatest power on earth to the unknown.
- </p>
- <p> Kennedy's conviction never wavered, nor did his determination.
- He ordered Lyndon Johnson, his Vice President and head of the
- Space Council, to bird-dog Congress for funds. He celebrated
- the early space rides of Alan Shepard and John Glenn as if they
- were great military victories. On space, he could sense the
- country uniting behind him even as other troubles mounted. "This
- is the new ocean," he told the people. "The U.S. must sail on
- it and be in a position second to none."
- </p>
- <p> Just a couple of months before his death, Kennedy went to Cape
- Canaveral to view the first stage of the giant Saturn rocket.
- Even as his scientists argued off to the side about how to land
- men on the moon, the President for a moment stood alone beneath
- the huge booster casing, rocked back on his heels and stared
- up. For those seconds, I could see he was beyond the earth,
- above the quibbling technicians. He was riding with history.
- I think he knew it was going to work.
- </p>
- <p> This week we will relive the excitement of the first Apollo
- moonwalk. We will argue what it all added up to for the average
- person. This was not like Dwight Eisenhower's interstate highway
- system, which meant a new freedom for all Americans. Apollo's
- meanings are more difficult to grasp but may be more important.
- Historian Melvin Kranzberg insists that "man's most abiding
- quest is the effort to understand himself in relation to the
- cosmos."
- </p>
- <p> But our moon legacy leaves a daunting question. Why can we not
- find such a national project in today's contentious world that
- would give us a common purpose? What about a fleet of hypersonic
- transport planes that would move Moscow and Tokyo as close as
- Chicago? "Too many hands stirring the pot," says Keith Glennan,
- the first director of NASA. He remembers the daring and boldness
- of the leaders back then and fears that those qualities
- can no longer be found in a political system that seems to honor
- timidity. Why not health care or welfare reform or the elimination
- of deficit spending by a certain date? Too many special interests,
- suggests former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, who
- has long pondered the question. Yet, he adds, "I could get behind
- a program on American unity."
- </p>
- <p> Maybe on this anniversary our task is to question again. Where's
- our new moon? And who are the men and women to take us there?
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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